Typhoid Fever disease (English: Typhoid fever) is usually called typhoid or types in the Indonesian language, is a disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica, particularly derivatives of Salmonella Typhi primarily attacks the digestive tract. Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease that always exist in society (endemic) in Indonesia, ranging from toddler age, children and adults.
According to dr. Arlin Algerina, SpA, from Bintaro International Hospital, in Indonesia, estimated between 800 - 100,000 people were affected by the disease typhus or typhoid fever throughout the year. This fever occurs mainly in the dry season and is said girls are more frequently attacked, the current increase in cases occurred at ages under 5 years.
Mode of transmission Typhoid Fever Disease
Typhoid fever can strike when germs enter through food or drink, resulting in infection of the digestive tract of the small intestine. And through the bloodstream, the bacteria reach the organs of the body especially the liver and spleen. He then proliferate in the liver and spleen that causes pain when touched.
Signs and Symptoms of Typhoid Fever
This disease can strike when the bacteria enter through food or drink, resulting in infection of the digestive tract of the small intestine. Then followed the circulation of blood, these bacteria reach the liver and spleen that proliferate there who cause pain to the touch.
Clinical symptoms of typhoid fever in children usually give even a mild clinical picture can be without symptoms (asymptomatic). Broadly speaking, the signs and symptoms are caused, among others;
Fever more than a week. During the day usually looks fresh but before the night of high fever.
Tongue dirty. The middle part is white and red edges. Usually the child will feel bitter tongue and tend to want to eat the sour-sour or spicy.
Serious nausea to vomiting. Salmonella typhi bacteria breed in hatidan spleen, the result is swelling and eventually suppress the stomach, causing nausea. Due to excessive nausea, eventually enter the food can not be perfect and usually come out again through the mouth.
Diarrhea or Diarrhoea. Properties of bacteria that attacks the gastrointestinal absorption of fluids cause diarrhea which finally happened, but in some cases actually occurred constipation (hard bowel movements).
Weakness, dizziness, and abdominal pain. High fever cause weakness, dizziness. Swelling of the liver and spleen causing pain in the abdomen.
Fainting, was knocked unconscious. Patients generally feel more comfortable by lying down without much movement, but with severe conditions that often occur disturbances of consciousness.
Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever Disease
For the accuracy in the enforcement of diagnosis of disease, the doctor will perform some laboratory tests including peripheral blood examination, examination of Widal and bile culture.
Examination of peripheral blood is a simple examination that is easily done in a simple laboratory to make a quick diagnosis. There will be a picture of a reduced white blood count (leukopenia), increased the number limfosis and eosinophilia.
Widal examinations are blood tests to find an anti against typhoid germs. If positive Widal O titers 1 / 200 or more and or show a progressive increase.
Typhoid fever diagnosis must be positive if done with the finding of bile culture bacteria Salmonella typhosa in the blood when the first week and then often found in the urine and faeces.
Positive blood samples for diagnosis must be made. Urine and faeces samples twice in a row is used to determine that the patient has completely recovered and not a germ carrier (carrier).
Meanwhile, to ascertain whether the illnesses suffered by patients is another disease it is necessary differential diagnosis. If there is a fever of more than five days, the doctor will think about the possibility of typhoid fever in addition to other infectious diseases such as paratyphoid A, B and C, dengue fever (Dengue fever), influenza, malaria, tuberculosis (TB), and lung infection (pneumonia).
Care and Treatment of Typhoid Fever
Care and treatment of patients with typhoid fever illnesses or types aimed at stopping the invasion of bacteria, shortening the course of the disease, prevent complications, and prevent the recurrence did not. Treatment of typhoid disease conducted by way of isolating the patient and conduct disinfection of clothing, faeces and urine to prevent transmission. The patient must lie down in bed for three days until the heat down, and then be sitting, standing and walking.
In addition to the drugs given to relieve symptoms such as fever and dizziness (Paracetamol), For children with typhoid fever is the main choice of antibiotic is chloramphenicol for 10 days and is expected to occur eradication / eradication of bacteria and shortened treatment time. But there are some doctors who choose other antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cotrimoxazole, cephalosporins, and ciprofloxacin according to the patient's condition. Excessive fever causing the patient to be treated, and given fluid infusion.
Complications of Typhoid Fever Disease
Complications are often found in children with typhoid fever is intestinal bleeding due to perforation, infection of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), and hepatitis. Disorders of the brain (encephalopathy) is sometimes found also in children.
Diet Diseases Typhoid Fever
Typhoid fever disease patients while undergoing treatment must follow the instructions diet recommended by doctors for consumption, among others:
Foods that are quite fluid, calories, vitamins & proteins.
Does not contain much fiber.
Does not stimulate and does not cause a lot of gas.
Food is provided during the break.
To return to the food "normal", do it gradually along with the mobilization. For example the first and second day of soft food, day-to-three regular meals, and so on.
Prevention of Typhoid Fever Disease
Prevention of Typhoid fever can be done by way of improved hygiene and environmental sanitation and health education. Immunization with oral vaccines and vaccine injections (Polysaccharida capular Vi antigen) has been widely used. Currently the prevention of Salmonella bacteria can be done with called chotipa vaccination (cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid) or TIPA (typhoid-paratyphoid). For children aged 2 years who are still vulnerable, it could also be vaccinated.
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